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CHAPTER 5 Getting More Than Simple Columns
Intro Value expression,it contains column names, literal values, functions, or other value
expressions
The type of data
The SQL Standard defines seven general categories of types of data—character,
national character, binary, numeric, Boolean, datetime, and interval.
The national character data type is the same as the character data type except that it draws its characters from ISO-defined foreign language character sets.
BOOLEAN数据类型可以使用TINYINT存储.
CAST
Changing Data Types
data_type需要查看具体数据库实现文档,比如MySQL
The type for the result can be one of the following values:
- BINARY[(N)]
- CHAR[(N)]
- DECIMAL[(M[,D])]
- SIGNED [INTEGER]
- UNSIGNED [INTEGER]
源文档 <>
比如
SELECT OrderNumber, OrderDate, ShipDate,
CAST(ShipDate– OrderDate AS INTEGER)
AS DaysElapsed
FROM Orders
在MySQL中需要转为
SELECT OrderNumber, OrderDate, ShipDate,
CAST(ShipDate- OrderDate AS DECIMAL)
AS DaysElapsed
FROM Orders
Literal Value
分为字符串常量值,数值常量值和日期常量值.
如果使用单引号包含字符串,字符串中包含单引号,字符串中的单引号请使用两次以示与引用的单引号区别开来.
SQL 'The Vendor"s name is: '
Displayed as The Vendor's name is:
Types of Expressions
CONCATENATION
SQL字符串串接
❖ Note Of the major database systems,we found that only IBM’s DB2 and
Informix and Oracle’s Oracle support the SQL Standard operator for concatenation.
Microsoft Office Access supports & and + as concatenation
operators,Microsoft SQL Server and Ingres support +, and in MySQL you
must use the CONCAT function. In all the examples in the book,we use the
SQL Standard || operator. In the sample databases on the CD,we use the
appropriate operator for each database type (Microsoft Access, Microsoft
SQLServer, and MySQL).
由上图可知SQL标准字符串串接用||，但是在MySQL使用会被当作逻辑运算符。MySQL使用concat内建函数串接字符串。而有的数据库使用直观的+串接字符串.
DATE AND TIME ARITHMETIC
MySQL需要将日期常量值转为相应类型再做计算,另外需要使用相应的日期函数计算
CAST('2016-11-22'AS DATE)
CAST('03:30:25'AS TIME)
CAST('2008-09-2914:25:00' AS DATETIME)
比如
SELECT StfLastName || ', ' || StfFirstName AS Staff,
DateHired,
CAST(CAST('2007-10-01'- DateHired AS INTEGER)
/365 AS INTEGER)
AS YearsWithSchool
FROM Staff
ORDER BY StfLastName, StfFirstName
在MySQL中转为
SELECT CONCAT(StfLastName , ', ' , StfFirstName) AS Staff,
DateHired,
CAST(DATEDIFF(CAST('1990-01-11'AS date) , DateHired )/365 as decimal)
AS YearsWithSchool
FROM Staff
ORDER BY StfLastName, StfFirstName
That"Nothing" Value:Null
判断Value Expression是否为NULL的时候请不要使用ValueExpression = NULL,这是常犯的小错误.